He made all of the observations for his principles with the naked eye. Between 15 Copernicus created the principles of heliocentric, or Sun-centered, astronomy. ![]() Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, was the first man to fully challenge the theories of Ptolmy. Religious entities also believed this to be true and taught that “all other heavenly bodies moved in complicated patterns around the Earth.” This theory was widely accepted by the public for more than 1,000 years. Greek astronomer, Ptolomy, theorized that the Earth was the center of the universe and was motionless. These observations brought about new ideas that contradicted traditional thinking and religious theories. “All other heavenly bodies moved in complicated patterns around the Earth.”The telescope allowed astronomers to observe nature in more detail than ever before. The invention of the telescope caused controversy between religious teachings and science like no other invention had before ( Gingerich, 2011). The observations he made about the cosmos in The Sidereal Messenger would cause issues not only for Galileo, but also for future astronomers. He was a skilled instrument maker and his telescopes were known for their high quality. Galileo was the first to point his model of the telescope to the sky. The original use of the telescope was for observations of the Earth’s surface. Galileo received praise for his instrument and was rewarded with a raise and permanent tenure at the University of Padua. He improved upon his design and presented an eight-powered telescope to the Venetian Senate in August of 1609. Galileo initially made a telescope that magnified objects by three times their actual size. News of this invention reached Galileo Galilei, an Italian physicist and astronomer shown in Figure 2, in May of 1609. Galileo Galilei Figure 2: “Portrait of Galileo Galilei” by Justus Susterman, National Maritime Museum is in the Public Domain Both spectacle makers were awarded for their designs, but neither obtained the patent ( Van Helden, 1977). Several weeks later, Jacob Metius, another Dutch instrument-maker, applied for a patent of a very similar instrument to that of Lippershey. The patent was reviewed by the national government of the Netherlands which deemed the device to be too easy to copy and the patent was rejected. The combination of these two lenses magnified objects by three to four times. Figure 1: “Optical diagram of Galilean telescope.” by Tamasflex is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 66) The invention consisted of concave and convex lenses that were located in a tube, as seen in the diagram in Figure 1. Hans Lippershey was the first to apply for a patent for his instrument that was made for “seeing things far away as if they were nearby” (Lemons, 2017, p. The telescope was originally invented in October of 1608, by three spectacle makers in the Netherlands. Precise tools, such as the telescope, were used to obtain exact measurements through observation and experimentation in order to prove discoveries that would change the public’s way of thinking about the universe. The advances made during this time period produced a cultural transformation on the basis of facts and tangible proof rather than the previous teachings, religious entities, and natural philosophers ( Gil, 2016). This shift in thought, knowledge, and beliefs affected not only science, but technology and society. This time period brought about new scientific discoveries and unearthed questions that had never been asked before. The 17th century was the age of the Scientific Revolution.
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